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Ray Smith

Forage Identification and Use Guide
3/28/2018 (reprinted)

Forage crops occupy approximately 7 million acres in Kentucky. They provide most of the feed for beef, dairy, horse, sheep, and wildlife. In addition, forage crops play a critical role in soil conservation, water quality, and air quality. The purpose of this publication is to provide both agronomic and identification information on several forage grasses and legumes. | AGR-175
2,500 printed copies | 28 pages | 3,500 words | 95 downloads | PDF: 9,100 kb

Managing Frost Damaged Alfalfa Stands
3/19/2018 (new)

Wide fluctuations in springtime temperature are common in Kentucky. Late freezing temperatures in the spring can cause damage to alfalfa depending on how far along it is in breaking dormancy. This publication provides information on the effect of low spring temperatures on both established and new alfalfa stands that have begun growth, as well as a method of predicting sensitivity to late frosts or freezes. | AGR-236
web only | 3 pages | 2,110 words | 8 downloads | PDF: 2,397 kb

Baleage: Frequently Asked Questions
3/5/2018 (new)

Baled silage, or "baleage", is an excellent method for forage harvest, storage and feed efficiency. Baled silage allows forage to be harvested at higher whole plant moisture levels than required for dry hay. Baleage is ideal for spring cuttings of annual and perennial forages when seasonally frequent rainfall events provide little opportunity for properly curing dry hay. Many producers who want to harvest high quality small grain crops have found baleage to be a good fit for their operation. | AGR-235
web only | 4 pages | 2,625 words | 11 downloads | PDF: 145 kb

Warm Season Annual Grasses in Kentucky
3/5/2018 (new)

In Kentucky, cool-season grasses produce ample forage in the spring and fall, but high temperatures and short-term drought stress often limits growth during the summer months. Warm-season annual grasses can fill this gap with relatively high quality forage when properly managed. The purpose of this publication is to provide an overview of the various summer annuals for Kentucky. | AGR-229
2,000 printed copies | 3 pages | 1,032 words | 25 downloads | PDF: 1,316 kb

Sudangrass and Sorghum-sudangrass Hybrids
2/19/2018 (new)

Sorghum-sudangrass hybrids are developed by crossing sorghum with true sudangrass. The result is an annual grass that resembles sudangrass, but has coarser stems, taller growth habit, and higher yields. Like sudangrass, hybrids will regrow after grazing if growth is not limited by environmental factors. The coarse stems are difficult to cure as dry hay, therefore these grasses are best utilized for grazing, chopped silage and baleage. | AGR-234
web only | 2 pages | 999 words | 13 downloads | PDF: 785 kb

Foxtail Millet
2/19/2018 (new)

Foxtail millet (German millet) is a fine-stemmed summer annual used mainly for emergency hay or pasture for cattle. It is the lowest yielding of the summer annual grasses since it will not regrow after cutting. It can also be used as a smoother crop when transitioning to other perennial forage crops. Foxtail millet is also commonly used for wildlife plantings to produce food and cover for doves, quail, and other birds. | AGR-233
web only | 2 pages | 665 words | 14 downloads | PDF: 960 kb

Crabgrass
2/19/2018 (new)

Crabgrass possesses significant potential for supplying high quality summer forage although it is considered a weed by many. A primary advantage of crabgrass is that it is well adapted to Kentucky and occurs naturally in most summer pastures, especially those that have been overgrazed. It is also highly palatable and a prolific re-seeder. Planting an improved variety of crabgrass is recommended because the production of naturally-occurring ecotypes varies greatly. Crabgrass is best utilized by grazing. | AGR-232
web only | 2 pages | 803 words | 19 downloads | PDF: 428 kb

Pearl Millet
2/19/2018 (new)

The primary benefits of pearl millet are that it does not contain prussic acid and is not susceptible to the sugarcane aphid. Dwarf varieties are available, which are leafier and better suited for grazing. | AGR-231
web only | 2 pages | 681 words | 10 downloads | PDF: 1,183 kb

Forage Sorghum
2/19/2018 (new)

Forage sorghum is the tallest of the summer annuals, reaching 6 to 15 feet in height and is best harvested as silage. Taller varieties produce high forage yield but can lodge, making them difficult to harvest mechanically. Some varieties have been developed that are shorter with increased resistance to lodging. Forage sorghums, like corn, are harvested once per season by direct chopping. While forage sorghum yields are similar to corn, they are lower in energy. The primary advantage of utilizing sorghum for silage production is its greater drought tolerance. | AGR-230
web only | 2 pages | 926 words | 12 downloads | PDF: 567 kb

2017 Long-Term Summary of Kentucky Forage Variety Trials
12/20/2017 (new)

Forage crops occupy approximately 7 million acres in Kentucky. Forages provide a majority of the nutrition for beef, dairy, horse, goat, sheep, and wildlife in the state. In addition, forage crops play an environmentally friendly role in soil conservation, water quality, and air quality. There are over 60 forage species adapted to the climate and soil conditions of Kentucky. Only 10 to 12 of these species occupy the majority of the acreage, but within these species there is a tremendous variation in varieties. This publication was developed to provide a user-friendly guide to choosing the best variety for producers based on a summary of forage yield and grazing tolerance trials conducted in Kentucky over the past 12 to 15 years. | PR-738
1,500 printed copies | 24 pages | 7,180 words | 21 downloads | PDF: 2,850 kb

2017 Annual Grass Report: Warm Season and Cool Season (Cereals)
12/20/2017 (new)

The major factor in selecting a variety of summer annual grass is yield, both total and seasonal. Growth after first cutting is strongly dependent on available moisture and nitrogen fertilization. Summer annual grasses generally have different characteristics and uses. The major factors in selecting cool season cereal grass varieties are yield, winter survival and regrowth. | PR-737
400 printed copies | 20 pages | 7,500 words | 15 downloads | PDF: 2,125 kb

2017 Cool-Season Grass Grazing Tolerance Report
12/18/2017 (new)

Cool-season grasses such as tall fescue, orchardgrass, and Kentucky bluegrass are the primary pasture grasses in Kentucky. Other species such as perennial ryegrass, festulolium, and the brome grasses can be used in pasture systems. Little is known about the effect of variety on the grazing tolerance of these cool-season grass species. The purpose of this report is to summarize current research on the grazing tolerance of varieties of tall fescue, orchardgrass, perennial ryegrass, and other species when they are subjected to continuous, heavy grazing pressure by cattle within the grazing season. The main focus will be on plant stand survival. | PR-735
500 printed copies | 12 pages | 4,149 words | 7 downloads | PDF: 1,300 kb

2017 Cool-Season Grass Horse Grazing Tolerance Report
12/13/2017 (new)

Cool-season grasses such as Kentucky bluegrass, tall fescue, and orchardgrass are dominant pasture grasses for horses in Kentucky. Variety evaluations for yield have been carried out for many years, but little work has been done to establish the effect of variety on persistence when subjected to close, continuous grazing by horses. The purpose of this report is to summarize current research on the grazing tolerance of varieties of tall fescue, orchardgrass, and other species when subjected to continuous heavy grazing pressure by horses within the grazing season. The main focus will be on stand survival. | PR-736
500 printed copies | 8 pages | 3,029 words | 8 downloads | PDF: 725 kb

2017 Red and White Clover Grazing Tolerance Report
12/11/2017 (new)

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is a high-quality, short-lived perennial legume that is used in mixed or pure stands for pasture, hay, silage, green chop, soil improvement, and wildlife habitat. White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is a low-growing, perennial pasture legume with white flowers. It differs from red clover in that the stems (stolons) grow along the surface of the soil and can form adventitious roots that may lead to the development of new plants. This report summarizes research on the grazing tolerance of clover varieties when subjected to continuous grazing pressure. | PR-734
400 printed copies | 4 pages | 2,182 words | 11 downloads | PDF: 450 kb

2017 Alfalfa Grazing Tolerance Report
12/11/2017 (new)

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is the highest-yielding, highest-quality forage legume grown in Kentucky. It forms the basis of Kentucky's cash hay enterprise and is an important component in dairy, horse, beef, and sheep diets. Recent emphasis on its use as a grazing crop and the release of grazing-tolerant varieties have raised the following question: Do varieties differ in tolerance to grazing? We have chosen to use the standard tolerance test recommended by the North American Alfalfa Improvement Conference. This test uses continuous heavy grazing to sort out differences in grazing tolerance in a relatively short period of time. This report summarizes research on the grazing tolerance of alfalfa varieties when subjected to continuous heavy grazing pressure during the grazing season. | PR-733
350 printed copies | 4 pages | 1,924 words | 7 downloads | PDF: 413 kb

2017 Annual and Perennial Ryegrass and Festulolium Report
12/6/2017 (new)

This report provides current yield data on annual and perennial ryegrass varieties in trials in Kentucky as well as guidelines for selecting varieties. Tables 14, 15, and 16 show summaries of all annual and perennial ryegrass and festulolium varieties tested in Kentucky for the last 17 years. The UK Forage Extension website at www.uky.edu/Ag/Forage contains electronic versions of all forage variety test-ing reports from Kentucky and surrounding states and a large number of other forage publications. | PR-732
400 printed copies | 16 pages | 1,898 words | 8 downloads | PDF: 1,350 kb

2017 Timothy and Kentucky Bluegrass Report
12/1/2017 (new)

This report provides maturity and yield data on timothy and Kentucky bluegrass varieties included in yield trials in Kentucky. Tables 10 and 11 show summaries of all timothy and Kentucky bluegrass varieties tested in Kentucky for the last 15 years. The UK Forage Extension website, at www.uky.edu/Ag/Forage, contains forage variety testing reports from Kentucky and surrounding states and a large number of other forage publications. | PR-731
400 printed copies | 6 pages | 1,230 words | 6 downloads | PDF: 542 kb

2017 Tall Fescue and Bromegrass Report
12/1/2017 (new)

This report provides current yield data on tall fescue varieties and similar grass species in trials in Kentucky as well as guidelines for selecting tall fescue varieties. Tables 15 and 16 show a summary of all tall fescue and bromegrass varieties tested in Kentucky for the past 17 years. The UK Forage Extension Web site at www.uky.edu/Ag/Forage contains electronic versions of all forage variety testing reports from Kentucky and surrounding states and a large number of other forage publications. | PR-730
600 printed copies | 12 pages | 1,844 words | 7 downloads | PDF: 1,396 kb

2017 Orchardgrass Report
12/1/2017 (new)

This report provides current yield data on orchardgrass varieties included in yield trials in Kentucky as well as guidelines for selecting orchardgrass varieties. Table 11 shows a summary of all orchardgrass varieties tested in Kentucky for the last 15 years. The UK For-age Extension website, at www.uky.edu/Ag/Forage, contains electronic versions of all forage variety testing reports from Kentucky and surrounding states and from a large number of other forage publications. | PR-729
600 printed copies | 8 pages | 1,260 words | 5 downloads | PDF: 833 kb

2017 Alfalfa Report
11/29/2017 (new)

This report provides yield data on alfalfa varieties included in current yield trials in Kentucky as well as guidelines for selecting alfalfa varieties. Tables 14 and 15 (Roundup Ready varieties) shows a summary of all alfalfa varieties tested in Kentucky during the past 16 years. The UK Forage Extension website, at www.uky.edu/Ag/Forage, contains electronic versions of all forage variety testing reports from Kentucky and surrounding states as well as a large number of other forage publications. | PR-727
400 printed copies | 12 pages | 1,822 words | 5 downloads | PDF: 1,530 kb

2017 Red and White Clover Report
11/27/2017 (new)

This report provides current yield and persistence data on red and white clover varieties included in yield trials in Kentucky as well as guidelines for selecting clover varieties. Tables 13 and 14 show a summary of all clover varieties tested in Kentucky for the past 15 years. The UK Forage Extension website at www.uky.edu/Ag/Forage contains electronic versions of all forage variety testing reports from Kentucky and surrounding states and a large number of other forage publications. | PR-728
600 printed copies | 6 pages | 1,739 words | 8 downloads | PDF: 757 kb

Pastured Poultry
9/21/2017 (new)

There has been an increased interest in pasture-raising poultry for both meat and egg production in the last decade. Raising poultry on pasture was a common occurrence until the latter half of the 20th century. Fresh forage provided an important ration balancing factor during the years before poultry nutritionists fully understood the required essential vitamins and minerals for growth and optimum meat and egg production. With the development of balanced rations, poultry no longer require access to pasture and year-round production of meat and eggs is possible. However, there are still some benefits from the lush forage, invertebrates, and exercise that pasture provides. In addition, we continue to learn more and more about the positive influence that fresh grasses and legumes have on fatty acid profiles and general bird health. As a result, there is an increased interest in pasture-raised poultry for both meat and eggs. | ID-247
web only | 7 pages | 4,900 words | 22 downloads | PDF: 2,000 kb

Sampling for the Tall Fescue Endophyte in Pasture or Hay Stands
4/10/2017 (minor revision)

Most of the tall fescue growing in Kentucky is colonized by the tall fescue endophyte, a fungus which causes disorders in livestock that feed on the infected grass. The animal disease syndrome is called fescue toxicosis, which some researchers estimate may cost Kentucky producers over $200 million yearly. This problem can be greatly reduced by identifying the infected fields and replacing them with endophyte-free or novel endophyte tall fescue varieties or by managing them in a way to minimize the impact of the endophyte on herd productivity. One of the simplest ways to reduce toxicity symptoms in cattle is add red and white clover to existing tall fescue stands. | PPA-30
web only | 2 pages | 1,222 words | 24 downloads | PDF: 253 kb

2016 Red and White Clover Report
12/13/2016 (new)

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is a high-quality, short-lived, perennial legume used in mixed or pure stands for pasture, hay, silage, green chop, soil improvement, and wildlife habitat. This species is adapted to a wide range of climatic and soil conditions. Stands of improved varieties generally are productive for 2.5 to 3 years, with the highest yields occurring in the year following establishment. Red clover is used primarily as a renovation legume for grass pastures and hay fields. This report provides current yield data on red and white clover varieties included in yield trials in Kentucky as well as guidelines for selecting clover varieties. | PR-710
600 printed copies | 8 pages | 2,998 words | 24 downloads | PDF: 1,018 kb

2016 Alfalfa Report
12/13/2016 (new)

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) has historically been the highestyielding, highest-quality forage legume grown in Kentucky. It is an important part of Kentucky's cash hay enterprise and is an important component in dairy, horse, beef, and sheep diets. Choosing a good variety is a key step in establishing a stand of alfalfa. The choice of variety can impact yield, thickness of stand, and persistence. This report provides yield data on alfalfa varieties included in current yield trials in Kentucky as well as guidelines for selecting alfalfa varieties. | PR-709
400 printed copies | 12 pages | 3,694 words | 24 downloads | PDF: 1,745 kb

2016 Long-Term Summary of Kentucky Forage Variety Trials
12/12/2016 (new)

Forage crops occupy approximately 7 million acres in Kentucky. Forages provide a majority of the nutrition for beef, dairy, horse, goat, sheep, and wildlife in the state. In addition, forage crops play an environmentally friendly role in soil conservation, water quality, and air quality. There are over 60 forage species adapted to the climate and soil conditions of Kentucky. Only 10 to 12 of these species occupy the majority of the acreage, but within these species there is a tremendous variation in varieties. This publication was developed to provide a user-friendly guide to choosing the best variety for producers based on a summary of forage yield and grazing tolerance trials conducted in Kentucky over the past 12 to 15 years. | PR-720
1,500 printed copies | 20 pages | 6,797 words | 25 downloads | PDF: 2,605 kb

2016 Annual Grass Report: Warm Season and Cool Season (Cereals)
12/6/2016 (new)

The major factor in selecting a variety of summer annual grass is yield, both total and seasonal. Growth after first cutting is strongly dependent on available moisture and nitrogen fertilization. Summer annual grasses generally have different characteristics and uses. The major factors in selecting cool season cereal grass varieties are yield, winter survival and regrowth. | PR-719
400 printed copies | 16 pages | 5,829 words | 27 downloads | PDF: 1,620 kb

2016 Annual and Perennial Ryegrass and Festulolium Report
12/5/2016 (new)

Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) are high-quality, productive, cool-season grasses used in Kentucky. Both have exceptionally high seedling vigor and are highly palatable to livestock. In Kentucky, winter survival can be an issue for many annual ryegrass varieties, so before planting, review winter survival results in this publication. The severe winter of 2013-2014 showed those varieties that are not adapted to Kentucky. Festuloliums are hybrids between various fescues and ryegrasses with higher quality than tall fescue and improved stand survival over perennial ryegrass. Their use in Kentucky is still limited since they do not survive as long as tall fescue but some of the newer varieties are more adapted to Kentucky environmental conditions. This report provides current yield data on annual and perennial ryegrass varieties in trials in Kentucky as well as guidelines for selecting varieties, as well as summaries of all annual and perennial ryegrass and festulolium varieties tested in Kentucky for the last 15 years. | PR-714
400 printed copies | 16 pages | 4,670 words | 12 downloads | PDF: 1,814 kb

2016 Timothy and Kentucky Bluegrass Report
12/5/2016 (new)

Timothy (Phleum pratense) is the fourth most widely sown cool-season perennial grass used in Kentucky for forage--after tall fescue, orchardgrass, and Kentucky bluegrass. It is a late-maturing bunchgrass that is primarily harvested as hay, particularly for horses. It also can be used for grazing or wildlife habitat. Management is similar to that for other cool-season grasses. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) is a high-quality, highly palatable, long-lived pasture plant with limited use for hay. It tolerates close, frequent grazing better than most grasses. It has low yields and low summer production and becomes dormant and brown during hot, dry summers. Kentucky bluegrass is slow to establish. This report provides maturity and yield data on timothy and Kentucky bluegrass varieties included in yield trials in Kentucky. | PR-713
400 printed copies | 6 pages | 2,550 words | 15 downloads | PDF: 594 kb

2016 Tall Fescue and Bromegrass Report
11/30/2016 (new)

Tall fescue is a productive, well-adapted, persistent, soil-conserving, cool-season grass grown on approximately 5.5 million acres in Kentucky. This grass, used for both hay and pasture, is the forage base of most of Kentucky's livestock enterprises, particularly beef cattle. All bromegrasses have several advantages over tall fescue, including retaining quality as they mature and better growth during dry weather, but they are generally less well adapted in Kentucky. This report provides current yield data on tall fescue varieties and similar grass species in trials in Kentucky as well as guidelines for selecting tall fescue varieties, including summaries of all tall fescue and bromegrass varieties tested in Kentucky for the past 15 years. | PR-712
600 printed copies | 10 pages | 3,890 words | 20 downloads | PDF: 1,134 kb

2016 Orchardgrass Report
11/30/2016 (new)

Orchardgrass (Dactylus glomerata) is a high-quality, productive, cool-season grass that is welladapted to Kentucky conditions. This grass is used for pasture, hay, green chop, and silage, but it requires better management than tall fescue for greater yields, higher quality, and longer stand life. It produces an open, bunch-type sod, making it compatible with alfalfa or red clover as a pasture and hay crop or as habitat for wildlife. This report provides current yield data on orchardgrass varieties included in yield trials in Kentucky as well as guidelines for selecting orchardgrass varieties. | PR-711
600 printed copies | 8 pages | 2,383 words | 24 downloads | PDF: 754 kb

Rotational Grazing
11/21/2016 (reprinted)

A rotational grazing program can generally be defined as use of several pastures, one of which is grazed while the others are rested before being regrazed. Continuous grazing is the use of one pasture for the entire grazing season. | ID-143
2,000 printed copies | 16 pages | - | 108 downloads | PDF: 887 kb

2016 Cool-Season Grass Horse Grazing Tolerance Report
11/18/2016 (new)

Cool-season grasses such as Kentucky bluegrass, tall fescue, and orchardgrass are dominant pasture grasses for horses in Kentucky. Variety evaluations for yield have been carried out for many years, but little work has been done to establish the effect of variety on persistence when subjected to close, continuous grazing by horses. The purpose of this report is to summarize current research on the grazing tolerance of varieties of tall fescue, orchardgrass, and other species when subjected to continuous heavy grazing pressure by horses within the grazing season. The main focus will be on stand survival. | PR-718
500 printed copies | 8 pages | 3,440 words | 13 downloads | PDF: 842 kb

2016 Cool-Season Grass Grazing Tolerance Report
11/18/2016 (new)

Cool-season grasses such as tall fescue, orchardgrass, and Kentucky bluegrass are the primary pasture grasses in Kentucky. Other species such as perennial ryegrass, festulolium, and the brome grasses can be used in pasture systems. Little is known about the effect of variety on the grazing tolerance of these cool-season grass species. The purpose of this report is to summarize current research on the grazing tolerance of varieties of tall fescue, orchardgrass, perennial ryegrass, and other species when they are subjected to continuous, heavy grazing pressure by cattle within the grazing season. The main focus will be on plant stand survival. | PR-717
500 printed copies | 12 pages | 4,070 words | 20 downloads | PDF: 1,242 kb

2016 Red and White Clover Grazing Tolerance Report
11/17/2016 (new)

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is a high-quality, short-lived perennial legume that is used in mixed or pure stands for pasture, hay, silage, green chop, soil improvement, and wildlife habitat. White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is a low-growing, perennial pasture legume with white flowers. It differs from red clover in that the stems (stolons) grow along the surface of the soil and can form adventitious roots that may lead to the development of new plants. This report summarizes research on the grazing tolerance of clover varieties when subjected to continuous grazing pressure. | PR-716
400 printed copies | 4 pages | 2,148 words | 16 downloads | PDF: 440 kb

2016 Alfalfa Grazing Tolerance Report
11/17/2016 (new)

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is the highest-yielding, highest-quality forage legume grown in Kentucky. It forms the basis of Kentucky's cash hay enterprise and is an important component in dairy, horse, beef, and sheep diets. Recent emphasis on its use as a grazing crop and the release of grazing-tolerant varieties have raised the following question: Do varieties differ in tolerance to grazing? We have chosen to use the standard tolerance test recommended by the North American Alfalfa Improvement Conference. This test uses continuous heavy grazing to sort out differences in grazing tolerance in a relatively short period of time. This report summarizes research on the grazing tolerance of alfalfa varieties when subjected to continuous heavy grazing pressure during the grazing season. | PR-715
350 printed copies | 4 pages | 1,903 words | 16 downloads | PDF: 397 kb

Producer's Guide to Pasture-Based Beef Finishing
10/6/2016 (reprinted)

Will pasture-finished beef eventually become a commodity with lowered product prices? These and other questions must be evaluated by those considering pasture-based beef finishing. As with any new enterprise, however, the learning curve is steep, and success requires a commitment to working through the many production, marketing, and processing details. This reference guide provides a foundation for this process. | ID-224
700 printed copies | 48 pages | 24,457 words | 77 downloads | PDF: 1,505 kb

Estimating Carrying Capacity of Cool Season Pastures in Kentucky Using Web Soil Survey
8/10/2016 (new)

While many factors influence how many animals a farm can carry, soil type has a major influence and should be considered when purchasing, leasing, planning, or managing livestock on pastures. | AGR-222
250 printed copies | 16 pages | 1,629 words | 42 downloads | PDF: 4,214 kb

Wildlife Benefits of Switchgrass Production in Kentucky
7/26/2016 (new)

Switchgrass is a versatile grass that can be utilized for forage or biomass production. Establishing and maintaining switchgrass is also beneficial to many types of wildlife by providing suitable habitat and cover. | AGR-221
web only | 4 pages | 1,568 words | 20 downloads | PDF: 385 kb

2015 Long-Term Summary of Kentucky Forage Variety Trials
12/15/2015 (new)

Forage crops occupy approximately 7 million acres in Kentucky. Forages provide a majority of the nutrition for beef, dairy, horse, goat, sheep, and wildlife in the state. In addition, forage crops play an environmentally friendly role in soil conservation, water quality, and air quality. There are over 60 forage species adapted to the climate and soil conditions of Kentucky. Only 10 to 12 of these species occupy the majority of the acreage, but within these species there is a tremendous variation in varieties. This publication was developed to provide a user-friendly guide to choosing the best variety for producers based on a summary of forage yield and grazing tolerance trials conducted in Kentucky over the past 12 to 15 years. | PR-705
1,500 printed copies | 20 pages | 6,110 words | 22 downloads | PDF: 2,500 kb

2015 Annual Grass Report: Warm Season and Cool Season (Cereals)
12/15/2015 (new)

The major factor in selecting a variety of summer annual grass is yield, both total and seasonal. Growth after first cutting is strongly dependent on available moisture and nitrogen fertilization. Summer annual grasses generally have different characteristics and uses. The major factors in selecting cool season cereal grass varieties are yield, winter survival and regrowth. | PR-704
300 printed copies | 16 pages | 5,260 words | 22 downloads | PDF: 1,500 kb

2015 Cool-Season Grass Grazing Tolerance Report
12/14/2015 (new)

Cool-season grasses such as tall fescue, orchardgrass, and Kentucky bluegrass are the primary pasture grasses in Kentucky. Other species such as perennial ryegrass, festulolium, and the brome grasses can be used in pasture systems. Little is known about the effect of variety on the grazing tolerance of these cool-season grass species. The purpose of this report is to summarize current research on the grazing tolerance of varieties of tall fescue, orchardgrass, perennial ryegrass, and other species when they are subjected to continuous, heavy grazing pressure by cattle within the grazing season. The main focus will be on plant stand survival. | PR-702
400 printed copies | 12 pages | 3,982 words | 9 downloads | PDF: 1,200 kb

2015 Red and White Clover Grazing Tolerance Report
12/14/2015 (new)

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is a high-quality, short-lived perennial legume that is used in mixed or pure stands for pasture, hay, silage, green chop, soil improvement, and wildlife habitat. White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is a low-growing, perennial pasture legume with white flowers. It differs from red clover in that the stems (stolons) grow along the surface of the soil and can form adventitious roots that may lead to the development of new plants. This report summarizes research on the grazing tolerance of clover varieties when subjected to continuous grazing pressure. | PR-701
400 printed copies | 6 pages | 2,238 words | 13 downloads | PDF: 530 kb

2015 Alfalfa Grazing Tolerance Report
12/14/2015 (new)

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is the highest-yielding, highest-quality forage legume grown in Kentucky. It forms the basis of Kentucky's cash hay enterprise and is an important component in dairy, horse, beef, and sheep diets. Recent emphasis on its use as a grazing crop and the release of grazing-tolerant varieties have raised the following question: Do varieties differ in tolerance to grazing? We have chosen to use the standard tolerance test recommended by the North American Alfalfa Improvement Conference. This test uses continuous heavy grazing to sort out differences in grazing tolerance in a relatively short period of time. This report summarizes research on the grazing tolerance of alfalfa varieties when subjected to continuous heavy grazing pressure during the grazing season. | PR-700
400 printed copies | 6 pages | 1,982 words | 11 downloads | PDF: 525 kb

2015 Cool-Season Grass Horse Grazing Tolerance Report
12/10/2015 (new)

Cool-season grasses such as Kentucky bluegrass, tall fescue, and orchardgrass are dominant pasture grasses for horses in Kentucky. Variety evaluations for yield have been carried out for many years, but little work has been done to establish the effect of variety on persistence when subjected to close, continuous grazing by horses. The purpose of this report is to summarize current research on the grazing tolerance of varieties of tall fescue, orchardgrass, and other species when subjected to continuous heavy grazing pressure by horses within the grazing season. The main focus will be on stand survival. | PR-703
500 printed copies | 8 pages | 3,430 words | 7 downloads | PDF: 875 kb

2015 Timothy and Kentucky Bluegrass Report
12/10/2015 (new)

Timothy (Phleum pratense) is the fourth most widely sown cool-season perennial grass used in Kentucky for forage--after tall fescue, orchardgrass, and Kentucky bluegrass. It is a late-maturing bunchgrass that is primarily harvested as hay, particularly for horses. It also can be used for grazing or wildlife habitat. Management is similar to that for other cool-season grasses. Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) is a high-quality, highly palatable, long-lived pasture plant with limited use for hay. It tolerates close, frequent grazing better than most grasses. It has low yields and low summer production and becomes dormant and brown during hot, dry summers. Kentucky bluegrass is slow to establish. This report provides maturity and yield data on timothy and Kentucky bluegrass varieties included in yield trials in Kentucky. | PR-698
400 printed copies | 8 pages | 2,593 words | 10 downloads | PDF: 700 kb

2015 Annual and Perennial Ryegrass and Festulolium Report
12/8/2015 (new)

Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) are high-quality, productive, cool-season grasses used in Kentucky. Both have exceptionally high seedling vigor and are highly palatable to livestock. In Kentucky, winter survival can be an issue for many annual ryegrass varieties, so before planting, review winter survival results in this publication. The severe winter of 2013-2014 showed those varieties that are not adapted to Kentucky. Festuloliums are hybrids between various fescues and ryegrasses with higher quality than tall fescue and improved stand survival over perennial ryegrass. Their use in Kentucky is still limited since they do not survive as long as tall fescue but some of the newer varieties are more adapted to Kentucky environmental conditions. This report provides current yield data on annual and perennial ryegrass varieties in trials in Kentucky as well as guidelines for selecting varieties, as well as summaries of all annual and perennial ryegrass and festulolium varieties tested in Kentucky for the last 15 years. | PR-699
400 printed copies | 16 pages | 4,501 words | 9 downloads | PDF: 1,880 kb

2015 Tall Fescue and Bromegrass Report
12/8/2015 (new)

Tall fescue is a productive, well-adapted, persistent, soil-conserving, cool-season grass grown on approximately 5.5 million acres in Kentucky. This grass, used for both hay and pasture, is the forage base of most of Kentucky's livestock enterprises, particularly beef cattle. All bromegrasses have several advantages over tall fescue, including retaining quality as they mature and better growth during dry weather, but they are generally less well adapted in Kentucky. This report provides current yield data on tall fescue varieties and similar grass species in trials in Kentucky as well as guidelines for selecting tall fescue varieties, including summaries of all tall fescue and bromegrass varieties tested in Kentucky for the past 15 years. | PR-697
600 printed copies | 10 pages | 3,847 words | 12 downloads | PDF: 1,240 kb

2015 Orchardgrass Report
11/23/2015 (new)

Orchardgrass (Dactylus glomerata) is a high-quality, productive, cool-season grass that is welladapted to Kentucky conditions. This grass is used for pasture, hay, green chop, and silage, but it requires better management than tall fescue for greater yields, higher quality, and longer stand life. It produces an open, bunch-type sod, making it compatible with alfalfa or red clover as a pasture and hay crop or as habitat for wildlife. This report provides current yield data on orchardgrass varieties included in yield trials in Kentucky as well as guidelines for selecting orchardgrass varieties. | PR-696
600 printed copies | 8 pages | 2,380 words | 17 downloads | PDF: 850 kb

2015 Red and White Clover Report
11/23/2015 (new)

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is a high-quality, short-lived, perennial legume used in mixed or pure stands for pasture, hay, silage, green chop, soil improvement, and wildlife habitat. This species is adapted to a wide range of climatic and soil conditions. Stands of improved varieties generally are productive for 2.5 to 3 years, with the highest yields occurring in the year following establishment. Red clover is used primarily as a renovation legume for grass pastures and hay fields. This report provides current yield data on red and white clover varieties included in yield trials in Kentucky as well as guidelines for selecting clover varieties. | PR-695
500 printed copies | 6 pages | 2,805 words | 10 downloads | PDF: 875 kb

2015 Alfalfa Report
11/23/2015 (new)

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) has historically been the highestyielding, highest-quality forage legume grown in Kentucky. It is an important part of Kentucky's cash hay enterprise and is an important component in dairy, horse, beef, and sheep diets. Choosing a good variety is a key step in establishing a stand of alfalfa. The choice of variety can impact yield, thickness of stand, and persistence. This report provides yield data on alfalfa varieties included in current yield trials in Kentucky as well as guidelines for selecting alfalfa varieties. | PR-694
400 printed copies | 10 pages | 3,151 words | 17 downloads | PDF: 1,500 kb

Slaframine Toxicosis or "Slobbers" in Cattle and Horses
7/17/2015 (new)

Although black patch occurs only sporadically, the right temperature, moisture, and soil pH may combine and allow Rhizoctonia leguminicola to thrive. Be aware of the possible consequences of this fungus, especially profuse salivation or "Sobbers" in cattle and horses. Good forage management, will reduce the risk of problems when utilizing this forage. | ID-230
web only | 2 pages | 948 words | 19 downloads | PDF: 256 kb

2014 Long-Term Summary of Kentucky Forage Variety Trials
12/10/2014 (new)

Forage crops occupy approximately 7 million acres in Kentucky. Forages provide a majority of the nutrition for beef, dairy, horse, goat, sheep, and wildlife in the state. In addition, forage crops play an environmentally friendly role in soil conservation, water quality, and air quality. There are over 60 forage species adapted to the climate and soil conditions of Kentucky. Only 10 to 12 of these species occupy the majority of the acreage, but within these species there is a tremendous variation in varieties. This publication was developed to provide a user-friendly guide to choosing the best variety for producers based on a summary of forage yield and grazing tolerance trials conducted in Kentucky over the past 10 to 12 years. | PR-687
1,800 printed copies | 20 pages | 2,034 words | 20 downloads | PDF: 2,400 kb

2014 Summer Annual Grass Report
12/10/2014 (new)

Summer annual grasses provide an important forage crop option for producers in Kentucky. These grasses are mainly used as emergency or supplemental hay and pasture crops, but little information is available on their yield potential. The purpose of this publication is to summarize the University of Kentucky 2011-2014 forage yield trials with sudangrass, sorghum/sudangrass, millets, and teff. | PR-686
400 printed copies | 12 pages | 1,176 words | 28 downloads | PDF: 1,150 kb

2014 Cool-Season Grass Horse Grazing Tolerance Report
12/4/2014 (new)

Cool-season grasses such as bluegrass, tall fescue, and orchardgrass are dominant pasture grasses for horses in Kentucky. Variety evaluations for yield have been carried out for many years, but little work has been done to establish the effect of variety on persistence when subjected to close, continuous grazing by horses. The purpose of this report is to summarize current research on the grazing tolerance of varieties of tall fescue, orchardgrass, and other species when subjected to continuous heavy grazing pressure by horses within the grazing season. The main focus will be on stand survival. | PR-685
500 printed copies | 8 pages | 1,976 words | 12 downloads | PDF: 810 kb

2014 Cool-Season Grass Grazing Tolerance Report
12/4/2014 (new)

Cool-season grasses such as tall fescue and orchardgrass are the primary pasture grasses in Kentucky. Other species such as perennial ryegrass, festulolium, and prairie brome can be used in pasture systems. Little is known about the effect of variety on the grazing tolerance of these cool-season grass species. The purpose of this report is to summarize current research on the grazing tolerance of varieties of tall fescue, orchardgrass, perennial ryegrass, and other species when they are subjected to continuous, heavy grazing pressure by cattle within the grazing season. The main focus will be on plant stand survival. | PR-684
500 printed copies | 12 pages | 1,472 words | 17 downloads | PDF: 1,200 kb

2014 Red and White Clover Grazing Tolerance Report
12/2/2014 (new)

2014 Alfalfa Grazing Tolerance Report
12/2/2014 (new)

Managing Diseases of Alfalfa
12/1/2014 (new)

Alfalfa can be a vigorous and productive forage crop for Kentucky farmers. Like all farm crops, however, alfalfa is subject to infectious diseases that can limit forage production. Managing these diseases is an important part of economical alfalfa production. | PPFS-AG-F-9
web only | 4 pages | 1,658 words | 4 downloads | PDF: 756 kb

2014 Alfalfa Report
11/25/2014 (new)

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) has historically been the highest-yielding, highest-quality forage legume grown in Kentucky. It is an important part of Kentucky's cash hay enterprise and is an important component in dairy, horse, beef, and sheep diets. Choosing a good variety is a key step in establishing a stand of alfalfa. The choice of variety can impact yield, thickness of stand, and persistence. This report provides yield data on alfalfa varieties included in current yield trials in Kentucky as well as guidelines for selecting alfalfa varieties. | PR-676
500 printed copies | 12 pages | 1,769 words | 25 downloads | PDF: 1,780 kb

2014 Annual and Perennial Ryegrass and Festulolium Report
11/24/2014 (new)

2014 Timothy and Kentucky Bluegrass Report
11/24/2014 (new)

2014 Tall Fescue and Bromegrass Report
11/24/2014 (new)

This report provides current yield data on tall fescue varieties and similar grass species in trials in Kentucky as well as guidelines for selecting tall fescue varieties. | PR-679
700 printed copies | 10 pages | 1,846 words | 18 downloads | PDF: 1,114 kb

2014 Orchardgrass Report
11/24/2014 (new)

2014 Red and White Clover Report
11/24/2014 (new)

This report provides current yield data on red and white clover varieties included in yield trials in Kentucky as well as guidelines for selecting clover varieties. | PR-677
700 printed copies | 8 pages | 1,717 words | 16 downloads | PDF: 1,000 kb

Evaluating Land Resource Potentials in Kentucky
8/15/2014 (new)

The most successful land use decisions are those where the intended use matches the capabilities of the land. Determining the capability of the land begins with a visual assessment of the landscape such as topography (percent slope) and surface drainage patterns followed by a closer examination of the soil physical and chemical characteristics. The purpose of this publication is to provide a basic understanding of the relationship between these landscape and soil properties to facilitate wise land use decisions. | AGR-215
web only | 3 pages | 3,493 words | 39 downloads | PDF: 630 kb

Fescue Toxicosis
7/3/2014 (new)

"Fescue toxicosis" is the general term used for the clinical diseases that can affect cattle consuming endophyte-infected tall fescue. Tall-fescue pastures containing ergot alkaloids are responsible for the toxic effects observed in livestock, including hyperthermia (elevated body temperature), gangrene of the extremities, decreased weight gain, and poor reproductive performance. Clinical signs vary depending on the cattle, the environmental conditions, and the level and duration of the exposure. Early clinical signs are often reversible after removal from contaminated pastures or hay. | ID-221
web only | 4 pages | 2,470 words | 29 downloads | PDF: 740 kb

Cyanide Poisoning in Ruminants
4/21/2014 (new)

Cyanide poisoning of livestock is commonly associated with johnsongrass, sorghum-sudangrass, and other forage sorghums. Choke-cherry or wild cherry, elderberry, and arrow grass are less frequent causes. Young plants, new shoots, and regrowth of plants after cutting often contain the highest levels of cyanogenic glycosides. The risk from potentially dangerous forages may be reduced by following the management practices in this publication. | ID-220
web only | 2 pages | 973 words | 31 downloads | PDF: 255 kb

Forage-Related Disorders in Cattle: Nitrate Poisoning
3/10/2014 (new)

Few plants normally contain high nitrate levels, since under normal growing conditions the nitrates are converted to protein as quickly as they are absorbed from the roots. However, under certain conditions plants can develop dangerously high nitrate levels which can cause nitrate intoxication. Death or abortion may result. Care must be taken to recognize possible toxic forages and manage them appropriately to avoid animal loss. | ID-217
web only | 3 pages | 2,447 words | 29 downloads | PDF: 314 kb

2013 Long-Term Summary of Kentucky Forage Variety Trials
12/4/2013 (new)

Forage crops occupy approximately 7 million acres in Kentucky. Forages provide a majority of the nutrition for beef, dairy, horse, goat, sheep, and wildlife in the state. In addition, forage crops play an environmentally friendly role in soil conservation, water quality, and air quality. There are over 60 forage species adapted to the climate and soil conditions of Kentucky. Only 10 to 12 of these species occupy the majority of the acreage, but within these species there is a tremendous variation in varieties. This publication was developed to provide a user-friendly guide to choosing the best variety for producers based on a summary of forage yield and grazing tolerance trials conducted in Kentucky over the past 10 to 12 years. | PR-671
1,800 printed copies | 20 pages | 2,007 words | 27 downloads | PDF: 2,360 kb

2013 Cool-Season Grass Horse Grazing Tolerance Report
12/4/2013 (new)

Cool-season grasses such as bluegrass, tall fescue, and orchardgrass are dominant pasture grasses for horses in Kentucky. Variety evaluations for yield have been carried out for many years, but little work has been done to establish the effect of variety on persistence when subjected to close, continuous grazing by horses. The purpose of this report is to summarize current research on the grazing tolerance of varieties of tall fescue, orchardgrass, and other species when subjected to continuous heavy grazing pressure by horses within the grazing season. The main focus will be on stand survival. | PR-669
500 printed copies | 8 pages | 1,966 words | 19 downloads | PDF: 940 kb

2013 Cool-Season Grass Grazing Tolerance Report
12/4/2013 (new)

Cool-season grasses such as tall fescue and orchardgrass are the primary pasture grasses in Kentucky. Other species such as perennial ryegrass, festulolium, and prairie brome can be used in pasture systems. Little is known about the effect of variety on the grazing tolerance of these cool-season grass species. The purpose of this report is to summarize current research on the grazing tolerance of varieties of tall fescue, orchardgrass, perennial ryegrass, and other species when they are subjected to continuous, heavy grazing pressure by cattle within the grazing season. The main focus will be on plant stand survival. | PR-668
600 printed copies | 10 pages | 1,468 words | 18 downloads | PDF: 1,150 kb

2013 Summer Annual Grass Report
11/25/2013 (new)

Summer annual grasses provide an important forage crop option for producers in Kentucky. These grasses are mainly used as emergency or supplemental hay and pasture crops, but little information is available on their yield potential. The purpose of this publication is to summarize the University of Kentucky 2009-2013 forage yield trials with sudangrass, sorghum/sudangrass, millets, and teff. | PR-670
400 printed copies | 12 pages | 1,169 words | 19 downloads | PDF: 1,250 kb

2013 Red and White Clover Grazing Tolerance Report
11/25/2013 (new)

2013 Alfalfa Grazing Tolerance Report
11/22/2013 (new)

2013 Annual and Perennial Ryegrass and Festulolium Report
11/19/2013 (new)

2013 Timothy and Kentucky Bluegrass Report
11/19/2013 (new)

2013 Tall Fescue and Bromegrass Report
11/18/2013 (new)

This report provides current yield data on tall fescue varieties and similar grass species in trials in Kentucky as well as guidelines for selecting tall fescue varieties. | PR-663
800 printed copies | 12 pages | 1,837 words | 12 downloads | PDF: 1,600 kb

2013 Orchardgrass Report
11/18/2013 (new)

2013 Red and White Clover Report
11/18/2013 (new)

2013 Alfalfa Report
11/15/2013 (new)

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) has historically been the highest-yielding, highest-quality forage legume grown in Kentucky. It is an important part of Kentucky's cash hay enterprise and is an important component in dairy, horse, beef, and sheep diets. Choosing a good variety is a key step in establishing a stand of alfalfa. The choice of variety can impact yield, thickness of stand, and persistence. This report provides yield data on alfalfa varieties included in current yield trials in Kentucky as well as guidelines for selecting alfalfa varieties. | PR-660
600 printed copies | 12 pages | 1,781 words | 14 downloads | PDF: 1,950 kb

Rating Scale for Brown Stripe of Orchardgrass
7/1/2013 (new)

As of right now, there is little published on how to assess foliar disease severity in forage grasses in order to determine the percentage which may be diseased. This publication provides a tool for visually determining the percentage of diseased foliar tissue in orchardgrass. It is based on the observation of individual leaves; however, it is hoped that eventually a rating system will be devised that provides disease percentages for entire plots. | PPFS-AG-F-7
web only | 3 pages | 511 words | - | PDF: 566 kb

2012 Long-Term Summary of Kentucky Forage Variety Trials
12/14/2012 (new)

Forage crops occupy approximately 7 million acres in Kentucky. Forages provide a majority of the nutrition for beef, dairy, horse, goat, sheep, and wildlife in the state. In addition, forage crops play an environmentally friendly role in soil conservation, water quality, and air quality. There are over 60 forage species adapted to the climate and soil conditions of Kentucky. Only 10 to 12 of these species occupy the majority of the acreage, but within these species there is a tremendous variation in varieties. This publication was developed to provide a user-friendly guide to choosing the best variety for producers based on a summary of forage yield and grazing tolerance trials conducted in Kentucky over the past 10 to 12 years. | PR-654
1,500 printed copies | 24 pages | 2,004 words | 11 downloads | PDF: 2,400 kb

2012 Cool-Season Grass Horse Grazing Tolerance Report
12/14/2012 (new)

Cool-season grasses such as bluegrass, tall fescue, and orchardgrass are dominant pasture grasses for horses in Kentucky. Variety evaluations for yield have been carried out for many years, but little work has been done to establish the effect of variety on persistence when subjected to close, continuous grazing by horses. The purpose of this report is to summarize current research on the grazing tolerance of varieties of tall fescue, orchardgrass, and other species when subjected to continuous heavy grazing pressure by horses within the grazing season. | PR-652
500 printed copies | 8 pages | 1,966 words | 7 downloads | PDF: 900 kb

2012 Cool-Season Grass Grazing Tolerance Report
12/14/2012 (new)

Cool-season grasses such as tall fescue and orchardgrass are the primary pasture grasses in Kentucky. Other species such as perennial ryegrass, festulolium, and prairie brome can be used in pasture systems. The purpose of this report is to summarize current research on the grazing tolerance of varieties of tall fescue, orchardgrass, perennial ryegrass, and other species when they are subjected to continuous, heavy grazing pressure by cattle within the grazing season. The main focus will be on plant stand survival. | PR-651
600 printed copies | 12 pages | 1,467 words | 11 downloads | PDF: 475 kb

2012 Summer Annual Grass Report
12/5/2012 (new)

Summer annual grasses provide an important forage crop option for producers in Kentucky. These grasses are mainly used as emergency or supplemental hay and pasture crops, but little information is available on their yield potential. The purpose of this publication is to summarize the University of Kentucky 2007-2012 forage yield trials with sudangrass, sorghum/sudangrass, millets, and teff. | PR-653
400 printed copies | 12 pages | 1,219 words | 6 downloads | PDF: 1,250 kb

2012 Red and White Clover Grazing Tolerance Report
12/5/2012 (new)

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is a high-quality, short-lived perennial legume that is used in mixed or pure stands for pasture, hay, silage, green chop, soil improvement, and wildlife habitat. This species is adapted to a wide range of climatic and soil conditions. Stands of improved varieties are generally productive for two and a half to three years, with the highest yields occurring in the year following establishment. Red clover is used primarily as a renovation legume for grass pastures. It is a dominant forage legume in Kentucky because it is relatively easy to establish and has high forage quality, high yield, and animal acceptance. | PR-650
500 printed copies | 6 pages | 1,346 words | 13 downloads | PDF: 650 kb

2012 Alfalfa Grazing Tolerance Report
12/5/2012 (new)

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is the highest-yielding, highest-quality forage legume grown in Kentucky. It forms the basis of Kentucky's cash hay enterprise and is an important component in dairy, horse, beef, and sheep diets. Recent emphasis on its use as a grazing crop and the release of grazing-tolerant varieties have raised the following question: Do varieties differ in tolerance to grazing? We have chosen to use the standard tolerance test recommended by the North American Alfalfa Improvement Conference. This test uses continuous heavy grazing to sort out differences in grazing tolerance in a relatively short period of time. | PR-649
500 printed copies | 8 pages | 1,227 words | 12 downloads | PDF: 670 kb

2012 Timothy and Kentucky Bluegrass Report
12/3/2012 (new)

Timothy (Phleum pratense) is the fourth most widely sown cool-season perennial grass used in Kentucky for forage---after tall fescue, orchardgrass, and Kentucky bluegrass. It is a late-maturing bunchgrass that is primarily harvested as hay, particularly for horses. It also can be used for grazing or wildlife habitat. | PR-647
400 printed copies | 6 pages | 1,228 words | 3 downloads | PDF: 460 kb

2012 Annual and Perennial Ryegrass and Festulolium Report
11/28/2012 (new)

Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) are high-quality, productive cool-season grasses used in Kentucky. Both have exceptionally high seedling vigor and are highly palatable to livestock. | PR-648
400 printed copies | 14 pages | 1,853 words | 16 downloads | PDF: 1,600 kb

2012 Tall Fescue and Bromegrass Report
11/28/2012 (new)

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) is a productive, well-adapted, persistent, soil-conserving, cool-season grass grown on approximately 5.5 million acres in Kentucky. This grass, used for both hay and pasture, is the forage base of most of Kentucky's livestock enterprises, particularly beef cattle. | PR-646
800 printed copies | 10 pages | 1,834 words | 8 downloads | PDF: 1,400 kb

2012 Orchardgrass Report
11/26/2012 (new)

Orchardgrass (Dactylus glomerata) is a high-quality, productive, cool-season grass that is well-adapted to Kentucky conditions. This grass is used for pasture, hay, green chop, and silage, but it requires better management than tall fescue for greater yields, higher quality, and longer stand life. It produces an open, bunch-type sod, making it compatible with alfalfa or red clover as a pasture and hay crop or as habitat for wildlife. | PR-645
700 printed copies | 8 pages | 1,244 words | 6 downloads | PDF: 890 kb

2012 Red and White Clover Report
11/26/2012 (new)

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is a high-quality, short-lived, perennial legume used in mixed or pure stands for pasture, hay, silage, green chop, soil improvement, and wildlife habitat. This species is adapted to a wide range of climatic and soil conditions. Stands of improved varieties generally are productive for 2.5 to 3 years, with the highest yields occurring in the year following establishment. Red clover is used primarily as a renovation legume for grass pastures. It is a dominant forage legume in Kentucky because it is relatively easy to establish and has high forage quality, yield, and animal acceptance. | PR-644
800 printed copies | 10 pages | 1,750 words | 9 downloads | PDF: 1,260 kb

2012 Alfalfa Report
11/26/2012 (new)

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) has historically been the highest-yielding, highest-quality forage legume grown in Kentucky. It forms the basis of Kentucky's cash hay enterprise and is an important component in dairy, horse, beef, and sheep diets. Choosing a good variety is a key step in establishing a stand of alfalfa. The choice of variety can impact yield, thickness of stand, and persistence. | PR-643
600 printed copies | 12 pages | 1,775 words | 15 downloads | PDF: 2,000 kb

Prechilling Switchgrass Seed on Farm to Break Dormancy
4/23/2012 (new)

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a warm-season, perennial bunch-type grass native to the North American Tallgrass Prairie. It has been investigated as a renewable energy crop due to its high productivity across a wide geographic range including various environmental conditions and soil types. Switchgrass has also been used for erosion control, summer grazing in pasture and hay systems for cattle, native prairie restoration, wildlife habitat, fiber production, and as an ornamental grass. | ID-199
500 printed copies | 4 pages | 2,590 words | 7 downloads | PDF: 300 kb

Vegetative Filter Strips for Livestock Facilities
2/23/2012 (new)

An enhanced vegetative strip is a best management practice that can be installed to protect surface waters from pollution produced by animal production facilities. Most people think of a vegetative strip as a grassed area or waterway, but when intentionally installed and properly managed, an EVS can be much more effective than a simple grassed filter strip. If properly managed, enhanced vegetative strips can be used to trap, treat, and absorb pollutants, which can be removed from the designated area by harvesting or grazing. | ID-189
web only | 4 pages | 2,364 words | 48 downloads | PDF: 380 kb

2011 Long-Term Summary of Kentucky Forage Variety Trials
12/23/2011 (new)

2011 Summer Annual Grass Report
12/23/2011 (new)

Summer annual grasses provide an important forage crop option for producers in Kentucky. These grasses are mainly used as emergency or supplemental hay and pasture crops, but little information is available on their yield potential. The purpose of this publication is to summarize the University of Kentucky 2007-2011 forage yield trials with sudangrass, sorghum/sudangrass, millets, and teff. | PR-637
700 printed copies | 9 pages | 1,213 words | 1 download | PDF: 376 kb

2011 Cool-Season Grass Horse Grazing Tolerance Report
12/23/2011 (new)

2011 Cool-Season Grass Grazing Tolerance Report
12/23/2011 (new)

2011 Red and White Clover Grazing Tolerance Report
12/23/2011 (new)

2011 Alfalfa Grazing Tolerance Report
12/23/2011 (new)

2011 Annual and Perennial Ryegrass and Festulolium Report
12/23/2011 (new)

Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) are high-quality, productive cool-season grasses used in Kentucky. Both have exceptionally high seedling vigor and are highly palatable to livestock. | PR-632
500 printed copies | 12 pages | 1,846 words | - | PDF: 370 kb

2011 Timothy and Kentucky Bluegrass Report
12/23/2011 (new)

Timothy (Phleum pratense) is the fourth most widely sown cool-season perennial grass used in Kentucky for forage after tall fescue, orchardgrass, and Kentucky bluegrass. It is a late-maturing bunchgrass that is primarily harvested as hay, particularly for horses. It can be used for grazing or wildlife habitat. | PR-631
750 printed copies | 8 pages | 1,219 words | - | PDF: 316 kb

2011 Tall Fescue and Brome Report
12/23/2011 (new)

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) is a productive, well-adapted, persistent, soil-conserving, cool-season grass that is grown on approximately 5.5 million acres in Kentucky. This grass, used for both hay and pasture, is the forage base of most of Kentucky's livestock enterprises, particularly beef cattle. | PR-630
1,000 printed copies | 12 pages | 1,812 words | - | PDF: 355 kb

2011 Orchardgrass Report
12/19/2011 (new)

Orchardgrass (Dactylus glomerata) is a high-quality, productive, cool-season grass that is well adapted to Kentucky conditions. This grass is used for pasture, hay, green chop, and silage, but it requires better management than tall fescue for greater yields, higher quality, and longer stand life. It produces an open, bunchtype sod, making it very compatible with alfalfa or red clover as a pasture and hay crop or as habitat for wildlife. | PR-629
1,100 printed copies | 8 pages | 1,222 words | 2 downloads | PDF: 310 kb

2011 Red and White Clover Report
12/19/2011 (new)

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is a high-quality, short-lived, perennial legume that is used in mixed or pure stands for pasture, hay, silage, green chop, soil improvement, and wildlife habitat. This species is adapted to a wide range of climatic and soil conditions. Stands of improved varieties are generally productive for two-and-a-half to three years, with the highest yields occurring in the year following establishment. Red clover is used primarily as a renovation legume for grass pastures. It is a dominant forage legume in Kentucky because it is relatively easy to establish and has high forage quality, high yield, and animal acceptance. | PR-628
1,100 printed copies | 8 pages | 1,723 words | 1 download | PDF: 313 kb

2011 Alfalfa Report
12/19/2011 (new)

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) has historically been the highest yielding, highest quality forage legume grown in Kentucky. It forms the basis of Kentucky's cash hay enterprise and is an important component in dairy, horse, beef, and sheep diets. Choosing a good variety is a key step in establishing a stand of alfalfa. The choice of variety can impact yield, thickness of stand, and persistence. | PR-627
1,000 printed copies | 12 pages | 1,763 words | 2 downloads | PDF: 322 kb

Profitability of Nitrogen Applications for Stockpiling Tall Fescue Pastures: 2011 Guide
10/5/2011 (new)

The concept of stockpiling is pretty straightforward, but the challenge each year is to determine the likelihood that this practice will be profitable given the economic and agronomic conditions present at mid-summer. This practice can yield significant benefits, but it also carries significant costs. These benefits and costs must be quantified and compared to assess the overall profitability of the practice. | ID-193
web only | 4 pages | 3,344 words | 29 downloads | PDF: 290 kb

Switchgrass for Biomass Production in Kentucky
3/14/2011 (new)

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a warm-season, perennial bunch-type grass native to the North American Tallgrass Prairie that has been investigated as a bioenergy crop due to its adaptation to a wide range of environmental conditions and soil types as well as its high stable yields. Switchgrass is recommended for soil conservation and wildlife habitat in both monoculture and in mixed stands of native warm-season grasses and forbs as well as for summer grazing in pasture systems and as a hay crop for cattle. | AGR-201
1,000 printed copies | 8 pages | 3,946 words | 5 downloads | PDF: 250 kb

2010 Long-Term Summary of Kentucky Forage Variety Trials
1/5/2011 (new)

2010 Summer Annual Grass Report
1/3/2011 (new)

Summer annual grasses provide an important forage crop option for producers in Kentucky. These grasses are mainly used as emergency or supplemental hay and pasture crops, but little information is available on their yield potential. The purpose of this publication is to summarize the University of Kentucky 2007-2010 forage yield trials with sudangrass, sorghum/sudangrass, millets, and teff. | PR-619
700 printed copies | 8 pages | 2,490 words | 2 downloads | PDF: 300 kb

2010 Cool-Season Grass Horse Grazing Tolerance Report
1/3/2011 (new)

2010 Cool-Season Grass Grazing Tolerance Report
1/3/2011 (new)

2010 Red and White Clover Grazing Tolerance Report
12/15/2010 (new)

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is a high-quality, short-lived, perennial legume that is used in mixed or pure stands for pasture, hay, silage, green chop, soil improvement and wildlife habitat. This species is adapted to a wide range of climatic and soil conditions. Stands of improved varieties are generally productive for two and a half to three years, with the highest yields occurring in the year following establishment. Red clover is used primarily as a renovation legume for grass pastures. It is a dominant forage legume in Kentucky because it is relatively easy to establish and has high forage quality, high yield and animal acceptance. | PR-616
750 printed copies | 4 pages | - | 3 downloads | PDF: 260 kb

2010 Alfalfa Grazing Tolerance Report
12/15/2010 (new)

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is the highest yielding, highest quality forage legume grown in Kentucky. It forms the basis of Kentucky's cash hay enterprise and is an important component in dairy, horse, beef, and sheep diets. Recent emphasis on its use as a grazing crop and the release of grazing-tolerant varieties have raised the following question: Do varieties differ in tolerance to grazing? We have chosen to use the standard tolerance test recommended by the North American Alfalfa Improvement Conference. This test uses continuous heavy grazing to sort out differences in grazing tolerance in a relatively short period of time. | PR-615
750 printed copies | 4 pages | - | 2 downloads | PDF: 260 kb

2010 Timothy and Kentucky Bluegrass Report
12/15/2010 (new)

Timothy (Phleum pratense) is the fourth most widely sown cool-season perennial grass used in Kentucky for forage after tall fescue, orchardgrass, and Kentucky bluegrass. It is a late-maturing bunchgrass that is primarily harvested as hay, particularly for horses. It can be used for grazing or wildlife habitat. | PR-614
750 printed copies | 8 pages | - | 1 download | PDF: 290 kb

2010 Annual and Perennial Ryegrass and Festulolium Report
12/6/2010 (new)

Annual ryegrasses are increasing in use across Kentucky as more winter-hardy varieties are released and promoted. Annual ryegrass is productive for three to four months and is used primarily for late fall and early-to-late spring pasture. | PR-613
500 printed copies | 12 pages | - | - | PDF: 300 kb

2010 Tall Fescue and Brome Report
12/6/2010 (new)

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) is a productive, well-adapted, persistent, soil-conserving, cool-season grass that is grown on approximately 5.5 million acres in Kentucky. This grass, used for both hay and pasture, is the forage base of most of Kentucky's livestock enterprises, particularly beef cattle. | PR-612
1,000 printed copies | 12 pages | - | - | PDF: 300 kb

2010 Orchardgrass Report
12/6/2010 (new)

Orchardgrass (Dactylus glomerata) is a high-quality, productive, cool-season grass that is well adapted to Kentucky conditions. This grass is used for pasture, hay, green chop, and silage, but it requires better management than tall fescue for greater yields, higher quality, and longer stand life. It produces an open, bunchtype sod, making it very compatible with alfalfa or red clover as a pasture and hay crop or as habitat for wildlife. | PR-611
1,100 printed copies | 8 pages | - | - | PDF: 260 kb

2010 Red and White Clover Report
12/6/2010 (new)

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is a high-quality, short-lived, perennial legume that is used in mixed or pure stands for pasture, hay, silage, green chop, soil improvement, and wildlife habitat. This species is adapted to a wide range of climatic and soil conditions. Stands of improved varieties are generally productive for two-and-a-half to three years, with the highest yields occurring in the year following establishment. Red clover is used primarily as a renovation legume for grass pastures. It is a dominant forage legume in Kentucky because it is relatively easy to establish and has high forage quality, high yield, and animal acceptance. | PR-610
1,100 printed copies | 8 pages | - | 1 download | PDF: 260 kb

2010 Alfalfa Report
12/6/2010 (new)

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) has historically been the highest yielding, highest quality forage legume grown in Kentucky. It forms the basis of Kentucky's cash hay enterprise and is an important component in dairy, horse, beef, and sheep diets. Choosing a good variety is a key step in establishing a stand of alfalfa. The choice of variety can impact yield, thickness of stand, and persistence. | PR-609
1,000 printed copies | 12 pages | - | 1 download | PDF: 300 kb

Establishing Horse Pastures
9/20/2010 (major revision)

Kentucky and surrounding states are known for grass pastures and horses. Pastures supply nutrients, provide hoof support for exercise, control erosion, and add to the aesthetic value of horse farms. The ability to establish and manage horse pastures is therefore important to horse owners. | ID-147
1,500 printed copies | 4 pages | - | 47 downloads | PDF: 207 kb

Using a Grazing Stick for Pasture Management
5/18/2010 (minor revision)

Good management of livestock feeding enterprises requires an understanding of feed inventories and their use. This publication is intended to help producers meet animal forage needs in a rotational grazing system by mastering the use of a grazing stick to estimate pasture yield and pasture allocation. | AGR-191
500 printed copies | 4 pages | - | 28 downloads | PDF: 350 kb

2009 Long-Term Summary of Kentucky Forage Variety Trials
12/22/2009 (new)

This publication was developed to provide a user-friendly guide to choosing the best variety for producers based on a summary of forage yield and grazing tolerance trials conducted in Kentucky over the past 10 to 12 years. Detailed variety reports and forage management publications are available from your local county agent or by visiting the University of Kentucky forage website at www.uky.edu/Ag/Forage and clicking on the Forage Variety Trial link. | PR-600
2,000 printed copies | 16 pages | - | - | PDF: 359 kb

2009 Cool Season Grass Grazing Report: Tolerance to Horses
12/21/2009 (new)

The purpose of this report is to summarize current research on the grazing tolerance of varieties of tall fescue, orchardgrass, and other species when subjected to continuous heavy grazing pressure by horses within the grazing season. The main focus will be on stand survival. | PR-598
750 printed copies | 6 pages | - | 4 downloads | PDF: 313 kb

2009 Cool Season Grass Grazing Tolerance Report
12/21/2009 (new)

The purpose of this report is to summarize current research on the grazing tolerance of varieties of tall fescue, orchardgrass, perennial ryegrass, and other species when they are subjected to continuous, heavy grazing pressure by cattle within the grazing season. The main focus will be on plant stand survival. | PR-597
1,000 printed copies | 12 pages | - | 3 downloads | PDF: 294 kb

2009 Summer Annual Grass Report
12/15/2009 (new)

Summer annual grasses provide an important forage crop option for producers in Kentucky. These grasses are mainly used as emergency or supplemental hay and pasture crops, but little information is available on their yield potential. The purpose of this publication is to summarize the University of Kentucky 2007-2009 forage yield trials with sudangrass, sorghum/sudangrass, millets, and teff. | PR-601
700 printed copies | 6 pages | - | 1 download | PDF: 230 kb

2009 Native Warm Season Perennial Grasses Report
12/15/2009 (new)

Kentucky's pasture and hay acres are largely seeded in cool-season species. This practice results in a natural decline in midsummer production and often limits livestock production. High-yielding, native warm-season perennial grasses are viable options for Kentucky livestock enterprises and the emerging biomass market and provide an additional benefit of wildlife habitat. | PR-599
750 printed copies | 4 pages | - | 3 downloads | PDF: 227 kb

2009 Tall Fescue and Brome Report
12/15/2009 (new)

2009 Annual and Perennial Ryegrass and Festulolium Report
12/10/2009 (new)

Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) are high-quality, productive cool-season grasses used in Kentucky. Both have exceptionally high seedling vigor and are highly palatable to livestock. | PR-594
1,000 printed copies | 8 pages | - | - | PDF: 269 kb

2009 Orchardgrass Report
12/10/2009 (new)

2009 Red and White Clover Grazing Tolerance Report
11/24/2009 (new)

Red clover (Trifolium pratense) and white clover (Trifolium repens) are both high-quality forage legumes that are used primarily in mixed stands with tall fescue or orchardgrass for improving yield and quality of pastures. | PR-596
750 printed copies | 4 pages | - | 2 downloads | PDF: 214 kb

2009 Alfalfa Grazing Tolerance Report
11/24/2009 (new)

2009 Timothy and Kentucky Bluegrass Report
11/24/2009 (new)

Timothy (Phleum pratense) is the fourth most widely sown cool-season perennial grass used in Kentucky for forage after tall fescue, orchardgrass, and Kentucky bluegrass. It is a late-maturing bunchgrass that is primarily harvested as hay, particularly for horses. It can be used for grazing or wildlife habitat. | PR-593
1,000 printed copies | 8 pages | - | - | PDF: 230 kb

2009 Red and White Clover Report
11/24/2009 (new)

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is a high-quality, short-lived, perennial legume that is used in mixed or pure stands for pasture, hay, silage, green chop, soil improvement, and wildlife habitat. This species is adapted to a wide range of climatic and soil conditions. Stands of improved varieties are generally productive for two to three years, with the highest yields occurring in the year following establishment. Red clover is used primarily as a renovation legume for grass pastures. It is a dominant forage legume in Kentucky because it is relatively easy to establish and has high forage quality, high yield, and animal acceptance. | PR-590
1,250 printed copies | 12 pages | - | - | PDF: 271 kb

2009 Alfalfa Report
11/24/2009 (new)

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) has historically been the highest yielding, highest quality forage legume grown in Kentucky. It forms the basis of Kentucky's cash hay enterprise and is an important component in dairy, horse, beef, and sheep diets. Choosing a good variety is a key step in establishing a stand of alfalfa. The choice of variety can impact yield, thickness of stand, and persistence. | PR-589
1,500 printed copies | 12 pages | - | 2 downloads | PDF: 309 kb

Bermudagrass: A Summer Forage in Kentucky
9/18/2009 (minor revision)

Bermudagrass can be used successfully as part of a livestock forage program to supplement summer production of cool-season grasses. It is high-yielding, sod-forming, warm-season perennial grass that is most productive on well-drained, fertile soils. Bermudagrass is widely grown in the southern United States for pasture and hay. | AGR-48
1,000 printed copies | 6 pages | - | 8 downloads | PDF: 300 kb

2008 Summer Annual Grass Report
4/22/2009 (new)

Summer annual grasses provide an important forage crop option for producers in Kentucky. These grasses are mainly used as emergency or supplemental hay and pasture crops, but little information is available on their yield potential. The purpose of this publication is to summarize the University of Kentucky 2008 forage yield trials with sudangrass, sorghum/sudangrass, millets, and teff. | PR-585
750 printed copies | 4 pages | - | - | PDF: 129 kb

Renovating Hay and Pasture Fields
4/8/2009 (minor revision)

Warm Season Perennial Grasses for Forages in Kentucky
3/10/2009 (minor revision)

Native warm-season perennial grasses are well adapted for production in Kentucky's climate and soils. In this publication, native warm-season perennial grasses that have the greatest forage potential for Kentucky are described. Management techniques necessary to establish stands and keep them productive are also discussed. | AGR-145
1,500 printed copies | 4 pages | - | 23 downloads | PDF: 1,636 kb

Common Alfalfa Seedling Diseases and Disorders
3/1/2009 (minor revision)

Alfalfa seedlings are subject to a number of biotic and abiotic problems which can affect establishment. Several of the more common seedling diseases and disorders are described below. This information is being provided as a diagnostic aid; publications which provide specific management and production information can be found in the resource list. | PPFS-AG-F-3
web only | 2 pages | 639 words | 2 downloads | PDF: 115 kb

"Emergency" Inoculation for Poorly Inoculated Legumes
2/1/2009 (minor revision)

Frequently, stunted and yellowed legumes are thought by growers to be diseased. Close examination often reveals that such "diseased" plants are actually just poorly nodulated. | PPFS-AG-F-4
web only | 3 pages | 912 words | 1 download | PDF: 187 kb

2008 Long-Term Summary of Kentucky Forage Variety Trials
12/3/2008 (new)

2008 Native Warm-Season Perennial Grasses Report
12/3/2008 (new)

2008 Cool Season Grass Horse Grazing Tolerance Report
12/3/2008 (new)

2008 Cool-Season Grass Grazing Tolerance Report
12/3/2008 (new)

2008 Red and White Clover Grazing Tolerance Report
12/3/2008 (new)

2008 Alfalfa Grazing Tolerance Report
12/3/2008 (new)

2008 Annual and Perennial Ryegrass Report
12/3/2008 (new)

2008 Tall Fescue and Brome Report
12/3/2008 (new)

2008 Orchardgrass Report
12/3/2008 (new)

2008 Timothy and Kentucky Bluegrass Report
12/3/2008 (new)

2008 Red and White Clover Report
12/3/2008 (new)

2008 Alfalfa Report
12/3/2008 (new)

2007 Annual and Perennial Ryegrass Report
12/15/2007 (new)

2007 Red and White Clover Report
12/15/2007 (new)

2007 Timothy and Kentucky Bluegrass Report
12/15/2007 (new)

2007 Red and White Clover Grazing Tolerance Report
12/15/2007 (new)

2007 Alfalfa Grazing Tolerance Report
12/12/2007 (new)

2007 Tall Fescue Report
12/12/2007 (new)

2007 Orchardgrass Report
12/12/2007 (new)

2007 Alfalfa Report
11/16/2007 (new)

2007 Native Warm-Season Perrenial Grasses Report
11/15/2007 (new)

2007 Long-Term Summary of Kentucky Forage Variety Trials
11/15/2007 (new)

2007 Cool-Season Grass Horse Grazing Tolerance Report
11/15/2007 (new)

2007 Cool-Season Grass Grazing Tolerance Report
11/15/2007 (new)

Grain and Forage Crop Guide
7/27/2007 (reprinted)

2006 Long-Term Summary of Kentucky Forage Variety Trials
2/9/2007 (new)

2006 Cool Season Grass Grazing Tolerance Report
1/26/2007 (reprinted)

2006 Native Warm Season Perennial Grasses Report
12/15/2006 (new)

2006 Cool Season Grass Grazing Report, Tolerance to Horses
12/15/2006 (new)

2006 Alfalfa Grazing Tolerance Report
12/15/2006 (new)

2006 Red and White Clover Grazing Tolerance Report
12/15/2006 (new)

2006 Annual and Perennial Ryegrass Report
12/15/2006 (new)

2006 Timothy and Kentucky Bluegrass Report
12/15/2006 (new)

2006 Orchardgrass Report
12/15/2006 (new)

2006 Tall Fescue Report
12/6/2006 (new)

2006 Red and White Clover Report
12/6/2006 (new)

2006 Alfalfa Report
12/6/2006 (new)

Producing Corn for Silage
3/20/2006 (minor revision)

2005 Orchardgrass Report
1/20/2006 (reprinted)

2005 Alfalfa Report
1/20/2006 (reprinted)

2005 Native Warm-Season Perennial Grasses Report
1/7/2006 (new)

2005 Cool-Season Grass Horse Grazing Tolerance Report
1/7/2006 (new)

2005 Cool-Season Grass Grazing Tolerance Report
1/7/2006 (new)

2005 Red and White Clover Grazing Tolerance Report
1/5/2006 (new)

2005 Annual and Perrenial Ryegrass Report
1/5/2006 (new)

2005 Red and White Clover Report
1/5/2006 (new)

Stockpiling for Fall and Winter Pasture
1/1/2006 (minor revision)

2005 Alfalfa Grazing Tolerance Report
12/30/2005 (new)

2005 Timothy and Kentucky Bluegrass Report
12/15/2005 (new)

2005 Tall Fescue Report
12/1/2005 (new)

The Kentucky Beef Book
9/15/2005 (minor revision)

2004 Native Warm Season Perennial Grasses Report
7/1/2005 (new)

2004 Cool-Season Grass Grazing Tolerance Report
2/20/2005 (new)

2004 Alfalfa Grazing Tolerance Report
2/20/2005 (new)

2004 Red and White Clover Grazing Tolerance Report
2/20/2005 (new)

2004 Cool-Season Grass Horse Grazing Variety Report: Tolerance to Horses
2/20/2005 (new)

2004 Annual and Perennial Ryegrass Report
2/1/2005 (new)

2004 Tall Fescue Report
2/1/2005 (new)

2004 Timothy Report
2/1/2005 (new)

2004 Red and White Clover Report
1/30/2005 (new)

2004 Orchardgrass Report
1/30/2005 (new)

2004 Alfalfa Report
1/30/2005 (new)

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Ray Smith